I've had the same problem as the original poster and managed to resolve it following your instructions, here's what I did :
First of all, I created a folder named "Autodesk" located at the root of my C: drive and made sure to change security settings to allow for full control. I don't think it is strictly necessary to manually create the folder, but that's what I did and cannot rule out that it didn't make a difference in the process so I included the step.

I then changed the path of my temp folders in the environment settings located in (I'm on windows 10, it might be different depending on your windows version) Control Panel->System->Advanced system settings (located in the upper left corner of the new window)->Environment Variables (Under the "Advanced" tab at the bottom of the window) You should then have a newly opened window called "Environment Variables".
You should then be able to change the value or path of both the variables "TEMP" and "TMP" to the root of your C: drive. Once again, not sure if the next step was necessary, but I did it anyway : I changed both the local user variables and the system variables to "C:\TEMP" and "C:\TMP" respectively. As a side note, the original values for these keys were (without quotes) :
- Local variables TEMP and TMP : "%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp"
- System variables TEMP and TMP : "C:\Windows\Temp"

I then rebooted to be sure the changes were taken into account, once again, I'm unsure if it was necessary, but I don't think it hurts to be safe.
Once the reboot was complete, I ran the autodesk extractor (In my case Acade 2019) as administrator. The extractor defaults to "C:\Autodesk" as it's extraction path which I had already checked for permissions so I simply let the process run until completion.

Onca that is done, the installation process starts. It might be a good idea to not run it straight away as i'm not sure it is running in administrator, so in my case, I stopped the installer, and made sure to run the installer as administrator from the "C:\Autodesk\{Autodesk product}" folder.

One last thing I made before continuing was to make sure that I had sufficient security permissions for all of the customizable folder path (In my case "C:\Users\{Username}\Documents\Acade 2019" and "C:\Users\Public\Documents\Autodesk\Acade 2019") just in case one of these folders was causing any problems. In the case of the Acade 2019 installation, these options were under additional options when clicking on the arrow under the product name in the installer when you are prompted to configure your installation (I didn't take a screenshot of this step but this is one of the only steps of the installation where you need to select and configure your products so it shouldn't be too confusing). Both folders already existed since I had run the installation before with some errors, so I made sure both folders had sufficient security elevations (Ie Full control)
Once all of this was done, the setup completed with a successful installation!
Thanks to @natasha.l , @Mark.Lancaster and @TravisNave for the help!
