Note: This article is written and published in Ukrainian and is a translated version of the original published here.
The previous part is available here: "Computer calculations in the educational process. AU2014. Report, Part 3".
Examples
As an example, let's take the classic technical subject "Machine Parts", namely issues related to the design of gears. In principle, everyone goes through this subject and these types of calculations.
Example
What can be taken into account in CAE that cannot be calculated using GOST?
- New materials
- Foreign materials
- New alloys
- Plastics
- Composite materials
- New manufacturing technologies
- Powder metallurgy
- 3D printing
- High-speed machining
- Composite structures
- New profile types:
- Evolutionary engagements
- Novikov's engagement
- Cycloidal
- Barrel-shaped teeth
- New gear types:
- Two-parameter
- Compound
- New conditions and requirements:
- Mass
- Dimensions
- Stock
- Taking into account temperatures
- Taking into account defects and destruction
- Change in operating conditions
- Taking into account the history of work, reconstruction, modernization, modification
Example. Gear design
- New materials
- Foreign materials
- New alloys
- Plastics
- Composite materials
- New manufacturing technologies
- Powder metallurgy
- 3D printing
- High-speed mech. Processing
- Composite structures
So, new materials. We have steels in GOST, we have a list of compliance between our steels and Western ones. But this list applies only to basic physical and mechanical characteristics (density, elastic strength, tensile strength). As soon as we start doing heat treatment, nitriding and any hardening in general, it turns out that due to different manufacturing technologies, these metals work differently. If we are talking about such things as aluminum, titanium, magnesium, that is, those materials that are now beginning to be actively used, plastic, which has now replaced other materials, including steel, almost everywhere, then we get big problems. The State Standard does not take this into account and does not contain it, it contains only steel and cast iron. And that, as for cast iron - not even all types.
If we talk about new manufacturing options... To take into account the peculiarities of production on the same 3D printer, due to the fact that we get stratified geometry is, to put it mildly, problematic (in GOST). In CAE, this can be done too.
Example. Gear design
- New profile types:
- Evolutionary engagements
- Novikov's engagement
- Cycloidal
- Tub-shaped teeth
- New gear types:
- Two-parametric
- Compound
New profile types. Of all of the above (evolutionary meshes, Novikov meshes, cycloidal, barrel-shaped teeth), only Novikov gears can be taken into account. And this is 20 percent of what Novikov himself proposed.
In general, there are options (and there are many of them) when GOST does not work at all.
Example. Gear design
- New conditions and requirements:
- Mass
- Dimensions
- Stock
- Taking into account temperatures
- Taking into account defects and destruction
- Changes in operating conditions
- Taking into account the history of work, reconstruction, modernization, modification
Also, when significantly more stringent requirements for weight, dimensions or stock must be observed, when we have to drill holes in the gears (at the root of the tooth) to reduce the mass, make them lighter, it turns out that in this case, GOST stops working again.
Example. Gear design
- New conditions and requirements:
- Mass
- Dimensions
- Stock
- Taking into account temperatures
- Taking into account defects and destruction
- Changes in operating conditions
- Taking into account the history of work, reconstruction, modernization, modification
If we want to take into account defects, and check how it will work in the presence of defects - we will not check GOST again.
Example. Gear design
- New conditions and requirements:
- Mass
- Dimensions
- Stock
- Taking into account temperatures
- Taking into account defects and destruction
- Changes in operating conditions
- Taking into account the history of work, reconstruction, modernization, modification
If we want to check how much it (meshing, design) will work from the situation that exists now, taking into account the entire history of operation, we are again forced to turn to CAE calculations. In GOST, we can only lay down the initial stock, no more.
Autodesk Simulation (ENGINEERING SIMULATION) line
- Autodesk Simulation Mechanical
- Autodesk Simulation CFD Autodesk
- Nastran
- Autodesk Simulation Moldflow
- Autodesk Simulation Composite
- Autodesk ForceEffect (mobile app line)
- Autodesk Inventor Simulation
- Autodesk Nastran In-CAD
- Autodesk Revit Autodesk RSA
Autodesk Simulation in Higher Education
What does the Autodesk Simulation (AS) line offer us here (as for computer calculation programs)?
Autodesk Simulation is currently a multitude of different software products. Best of all, for most specialties, the following are suitable: Autodesk Simulation Mechanical, Autodesk Simulation CFD and recently joined by Autodesk Nastran.
Who are they designed for?
Express, designer, engineer, science
Before the advent of Autodesk Nastran, Autodesk software products (CAE) were aimed at either express calculation methods or the average design engineer. Serious engineering tasks, as well as scientific tasks, could be solved, but not all. Nastran is a name that, in principle, does not need explanation for people who are somehow related to design and calculations, and accordingly, its capabilities cover almost everyone!
Where can it be used?
- Mechanical:
- Sopromat: calculation of beams, frame and truss structures 3D and 2D
- Machine Details: Contact stress, ZK strength, shaft calculation, calculation of key, spline and bolt connections, calculation of frames, calculation of other elements
- TMM: calculation of mechanisms taking into account the malleability of individual elements
- CFD:
- Continuous Medium Mechanics
- Hydraulic losses
- Wind load
- Aerodynamic drag
- Heat and mass transfer
Autodesk Simulation in Higher Education Mechanical:
- Sopromat: calculation of beams, frame and truss structures 3D and 2D
- Machine Details: Contact stresses, strength of the ZK, calculation of shafts, calculation of keyways, spline and bolt connections, frames, and other elements
- TMM: calculation of mechanisms taking into account the compliance of individual elements
Calculations of beams, frame and truss structures, contact stresses... In general, in principle, the evaluation of parameters in any issue that is present in many technical disciplines.
Autodesk Simulation at CFD Higher Education:
- Continuous Medium Mechanics
- Hydraulic losses
- Wind load
- Aerodynamic drag
- Heat and mass transfer
With gas dynamics, it is a little worse, not everyone needs it, but there are a large number of questions where it is still in demand.
Conclusion:
- CAE allows you to solve a wider range of design problems and with greater accuracy. CAE facilities allow students to better understand the operation of the objects being designed.
- Autodesk Simulation products cover most of the computational needs of technical specialties
- The development of new standards requires time, resources and specialists.
- There is no time to wait for standards and specialists to appear on their own.
Complete
- CAE allows you to solve design problems in a wider range and with higher accuracy
- CAE tools allow students to better understand the operation of the objects being designed
- Autodesk Simulation products cover most of the computational needs of technical specialties
- The development of new standards requires time, resources and specialists
- There is no time to wait for standards and specialists to show up on their own
And now the question: "So do we have to implement it or wait? And if you implement, then how - replace standard methods and use only new ones? Or to combine it somehow?"
I can only say one thing – if we wait for computer calculations to become as widespread as three-dimensional modeling, we will have to wait 10-15 years, and only then start teaching. During this time, the opportunity to improve both our industries and our education will disappear. Accordingly, despite the lack of specialists (in the proper number) and standards (at least some), it is necessary to start preparing them (specialists and standards) now. In order for us to receive the same standards and the required number of specialists in 5-10 years. This is the first thing.
Second. Autodesk Simulation products can solve a large number of different tasks. But at the moment, there is no point in throwing away time-tested calculation methods that are used by everyone (both in industry and in education) in order to stuff something unusual instead. But, slowly, at the beginning, as a pure add-on for individual students in the form of a series of tasks in which we give calculations and watch how someone tries to figure it out. We gain experience ourselves (teachers). Because we also have to somehow evaluate what students do.
We give the task to compare the results and conclusions of standard methods and the results of calculation using software and get some "compliance".
We look - here we have a workable design, and according to GOSTs it is not operational, but in life it is quite working. What will FEM (Autodesk Simulation) say on this topic?
Or vice versa. There is a workable design both according to GOSTs and life, and for some reason AS gives results that are very different from the standards. All this, with a gradual increase in competence and the amount of use, will give us the opportunity to get rid of the pit (in the direction of using modern calculation methods) that we now have in education.
Note: This article is written and published in Ukrainian and is a translated version of the original published here.
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