@Valentin_CAD
Your settings in the screenshot seem to make lines AND polylines appear rectangular after plotting.
In the model space it still looks rounded and the problem is, that if I connect the polyline to a block, it overlaps, even when I connect it with object snap. In my screenshot of the printed part, you can see that the polyline is rectangular but is overlapping. This is not a solution unfortunately. Also, If zooming out of the model space, the lines become bigger and bigger. If zooming in they become smaller. So the lines are never the right, constant thickness when looking at the drawing. For some reason, setting the "global width" in polylines properties, the polylines end automatically rectangular and remain constant in thickness even when zooming in or out. Also they connect correctly to other objects. In the screenshot you can also see the connection of a polyline with global width 0 (standard) and set to 1mm in layer settings, and on the right with global width 1, connecting perfectly to the object.

So all summed up: I can set line widths via layer settings, but lines and polylines will end with rounded ends, overlappying even when connected to blocks/objects via object snap and only become rectangular when plotted and are also displayed variably in line width when zooming in the model space.
I think I have to use polylines, set global width to the desired value and draw my lines. Line thickness does not work well with layers it seems, which is crazy if there is no setting for it to make clean connections.