Looking at your model and based on your description I believe what you are looking for can be achieved with providing the loft not only with more rails but also with more profiles.
The loft simply needs more control inputs to know where you want to start with the cylindrical shape.
In fact, I believe this can be done more easily with a T-Spline, but with the disadvantage that it is not parametric. OTOH that might not play a big role in this design.
You can snap a T-Spline to these profile circles and rails if needed. The tool for that is in the Modify->Match menue and I find it to be very powerful.
You can actually edit projected sketch elements. You have to select them, right-click and choose "break link" fom the pop-up menu. Of course, as the name suggests, in that case the connection to the original profile is lost and any changes made to the original shape will not be reflected in the projection.
I am not exactly sure why you would need those projected profiles, however.
If you want to create an off-set equidistant surface from the inner hull, you can simply use the push-pull tool. This will create geometry by off-settng from the original surface along the surface normal.