Hi smh3005,
In Fusion 360, you can build assemblies with two different approaches,
1. All the components of your assembly created in the context of your assembly, so they are contained in your assembly - in this scenario, you can activate components and make changes to them directly in the context of the assembly. You also have the ability to apply features to one ore more components in the assembly.
2. Components of your assembly are external to your assembly, so they are referenced in your assembly. That is, if you "Inserted" components into an assembly from the Data Panel, you would have built them with this approach. In this scenario,
a) You have to open the component (that you want to edit) from the Data Panel, make your changes and save it.
b) Now, when you come back to the assembly, it will show you that your assembly needs to be updated for the change(s) you made (see below).

c) Click on the drop down and choose "Get All Latest".
NOTE: in the second scenario, if all your components are external references, then you cannot apply features in the context of the assembly to them.
BTW, regarding Inventor, you may be creating assembly features instead of editing the individual components. Assembly features are isolated to the assembly only and can apply to many components. So, in Inventor, if you want to edit a component, activate the component in place in the assembly or Open it in a separate window to edit.
Hope this helps.
best regards,