You can use the BasicFileInfo data:
https://www.revitapidocs.com/2020/475edc09-cee7-6ff1-a0fa-4e427a56262a.htm
This information can be read out of an RVT file using the Revit API without opening the RVT.
This data is also accessible without using the Revit API at all:
https://thebuildingcoder.typepad.com/blog/2017/06/determining-rvt-file-version-using-python.html