Hi @CadUser46. I believe the short answer is no...we can not add a 'transient data' column.
However, have you ever tried adding a custom column to your BOM using the 'Add Custom iProperty Columns' tool, but then instead of choosing an existing custom iProperty, type in a unique column name, then when the new column has been created, right-click on the new column, and choose 'Create Instance Property (all instances)' option?
This should create an 'instance property' on all component instances within the main assembly for you by the name of the column, where that data would be stored at the assembly level, instead of down within each of the referenced documents. But then, you would have to use some other means to write the data you want into them, because there is no built-in way to get it to pull external data in from some database file somewhere. And you can't write database data directly into that BOM dialog's cells from an iLogic rule or VBA macro either. So if you are planning on using a code based automation solution to help with this type of task, it would have to iterate through all component instances within the assembly, find (or create) that instance property on each instance, then write the data to its value. Then that data should show up in that column in the BOM.
I do not have an example code for doing all that though, because I have never needed (or wanted) to go through all that before. Accessing assembly component instance properties by code is not that complicated. But when you add in accessing data in some external file, and trying to interact with whatever application that reads/edits that type of data (such as Excel), and knowing exactly how to get each specific piece of data from the correct place, and pairing that with the correct assembly component instance is a whole other level of complication, and is likely extremely unique to only you. So, if the only use of this extra column would be for sorting the BOM, it may (or may not) be worth it. We have more control over PartsLists in drawings than we do over BOM's in an assembly. So maybe creating a new drawing, then creating a PartsList in it, then work with that to get it sorted, then export from there. Its main built-in sorting methods for PartsList (PartsList.Sort & PartsList.Sort2) are pretty similar to those for the BOM, but the PartsListRow has the PartsListRow.Reposition method that can be used with a custom sorting routine. We can not even access the columns in an assembly BOM, and its rows only offer the basic properties (not all that you see in the dialog), but a PartsList in a drawing is fully navigable by rows and columns.
Below are links to the two existing built-in sorting methods, just for reference.
BOMView.Sort
BOMView.Sort2
Wesley Crihfield

(Not an Autodesk Employee)