This issue is described in this forum: https://forums.autodesk.com/t5/inventor-forum/deleted-dimensions-stay-as-parameters/td-p/13720916
Summary: As we know, you can easily create a parameter or dimension that references another existing dimension (e.g. "d1 = 2*d0"). This feature is super useful for parametric designs. If at some point in the future I decide to delete dimension "d0", then "d1" continues to be computed using some previous cached version of dimension "d0". The issue here is that there is no warning given to the user that the design now contains a broken reference.
Fusion 360 handles this relatively gracefully (see below)

Suggested feature: pop-up window warning like in Fusion 360, and/or exclamation mark beside features/sketches in the feature tree that reference the deleted parameter