I certainly don't have all the answers to your questions, as I am learning myself, but it seems to me there is some confusion in your question. Dump.cps does NOT generate an intermediate file for debugging. It does generate a dump of data a post-processor can get from Fusion. Something like this:
-1: onMachine()
Post Engine Version = 4.5834.0
Program Name = BG-Dump
Program Comment =
-1: onOpen()
0: onParameter('product-id', 'fusion360')
1: onParameter('generated-by', 'Fusion 360 CAM 2.0.12376')
2: onParameter('generated-at', 'lundi 14 février 2022 14:06:07')
3: onParameter('hostname', 'PC-64-BERNARD-LaPoste')
4: onParameter('username', 'bgros')
5: onParameter('document-path', 'P_M10_3_E4 3 Axes Seulement v4')
6: onParameter('document-id', 'ef26dddd-075b-487e-8d6c-a1cbf20f160a')
7: onParameter('model-version', '9b07e016-403f-4faf-9ff0-38381e710881')
9: onParameter('leads-supported', 1)
10: onParameter('job-description', 'Usinage Dessus generation dump code')
11: onParameter('machine-id', '1')
12: onParameter('machine-config', '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-16" standalone="no" ?><machine xmlns="http://www.hsmworks.com/xml/2009/machine" version="1.0"><vendor>Roeders</vendor><model>V2</model><description>Roeders 5 axis</description><machining jet="no" milling="yes" turning="no" wire="no"/><tooling maximumToolDiameter="0mm" maximumToolLength="0mm" maximumToolWeight="0kg" numberOfTools="100" toolChanger="yes" toolPreload="yes"/><machiningTime ratio="1" toolChangeTime="15s"/><coolant options="FLOOD"/><capabilities workOffsets="100"/><spindle axis="0 0 1"/><post><postProcessor>user://roeders rms6-BforCure_R4.cps</postProcessor><setupSheet></setupSheet></post><simulation retractOnIndexing="yes" shortestAngularRotation="yes" wcs="0mm 0mm 0mm"/><multiAxis adjust="yes" angle="10deg" cone="3deg" feedrateMethod="fpm" linearizationTolerance="0.04mm" method="linearize rotary" reconfigure="no" tolerance="0.04mm" virtualToolTip="no"/><axis id="Y" link="head" range="-82mm 212mm" tcp="no"/><axis id="Z" link="head" range="-210mm 0mm" tcp="no"/><axis id="X" link="table" range="-210mm 100mm" tcp="no"/><axis actuator="rotational" axis="1 0 0" coordinate="Y" id="U" link="table" maximumFeed="21600deg/min" offset="-239mm 0mm 68mm" range="-30deg 115deg" tcp="yes"/><axis actuator="rotational" axis="0 0 1" coordinate="Z" cyclic="yes" id="V" link="table" maximumFeed="21600deg/min" offset="0mm 0mm -6mm" range="-360deg 360deg" tcp="yes"/></machine>')
13: onParameter('stock-type', 'box')
15: onParameter('stock', '((-60.9368, -43.125, 0), (60.9368, 43.125, 40.15))')
17: onParameter('stock-lower-x', -60.9367513459481)
19: onParameter('stock-lower-y', -43.12500000000001)
21: onParameter('stock-lower-z', 0)
23: onParameter('stock-upper-x', 60.9367513459481)
25: onParameter('stock-upper-y', 43.12500000000001)
27: onParameter('stock-upper-z', 40.15)
29: onParameter('part-lower-x', -59.9367513459481)
31: onParameter('part-lower-y', -42.12500000000001)
33: onParameter('part-lower-z', 0)
35: onParameter('part-upper-x', 59.9367513459481)
37: onParameter('part-upper-y', 42.12500000000001)
39: onParameter('part-upper-z', 39.15)
44: onParameter('notes', '')
To generate an intermediary file for debugging, you have to download and use "export CNC file to vs code.cps". Once you have processed your test part with it, you will have a CNC file with a single line, looking like this
Success, your CNC file "BG-Export2VSC.cnc" is now located in "C:\Users\bgros\.vscode\extensions\Autodesk.hsm-post-processor-3.5.5\res\CNC files\Custom" and you can select it in VS Code.
then, in VSCode, you should be able to load your CNC debug file by clicking twice on it there

Hope this help,
Bernard