It might not be how you'd build something in the real world, but it should still work and does work except when the bug is uncovered. I'm not sure how Fusion is handling feature dependencies and updates that leads to this, but in my head it seems like it should be something like this.
When a parameter is updated or a feature is modified:
1. Create an empty "modified features list"
2. If this is a feature modification add that feature to the modified features list and start at the next feature in the timeline. If this is a parameter update, start at the first item in the timeline.
3. Does this feature use the modified parameter or have references to a feature in the modified features list or perform some operation on a body created or modified by one of the features in the modified features list? If yes re-calculate the feature and add it to the modified features list.
4. Run step 2 for the next feature in the timeline until there are no features left.
With these rules step 3 would see that Extrude11 performed an operation on bodies created in the modified features list (joined bodies created by features in the modified features list, Extrude8, R-Pattern4, and Extrude10) and would recalculated it re-joining the new bodies created by R-Pattern4.