Ahh, the answer is type wrangling. The short version is, you can right click on the min and max ports on this node and use "set value type" to select the type of random value you want.
For more detail and a more technical explanation, read on. I don't expect very many users to know the detail below, and certainly don't want people to have to know it, but I think it's nevertheless helpful to understand what's happening even if you don't ever create overloads of your own.
----
If you create a random_value node, and dive in, you'll see that there's a hash called "jotun hash", which then converts the result of the hash into a float value.

If you go back outside again, right-click on "min", and set the type to Math::Float3, and then go back inside, you'll see a whole different implementation that creates three values from that hash. Creating a float3 random value is different from creating a float random value and a different graph does this, and having one node that represents multiple different graphs depending on types is called an "overload".

This interaction of setting the type on the port is what we mean by "type wrangling", where you can control the type system by creating values on ports. Values are like invisible value nodes, so just as plugging a float3 connection in there would cause the types in the graph to change, you can do it without a value node as well.
When you see "supported types" in the contextual "set value type" submenu, it's listing the different types a node has an overload for. "Suggested types", on the other hand, indicates that this port actually has the type "auto" and we've added hints. Lower level nodes tend to have overloads, and higher level nodes tend to have auto ports.
More info: https://help.autodesk.com/view/BIFROST/ENU/?guid=Bifrost_Common_build_a_graph_set_port_type_html
Jonah Friedman
Bifrost Product Manager