Hi,
>>"I'm trying to write a program that creates a simple dxf file"
One item more simple - you can delete the QCAD appid item
>>"but I can't figure out what to fix with it so that autocad can open it."
You forgot the BYBLOCK and BYLAYER item in LTYPE table
>>"When I try to open it autocad says to push enter to continue and, when I do, it just goes back to the welcome screen"
See Pauls answer. Try to open the file in AutoCAD, it STOPs now, press [F2] to read more about the issue (Pauls screenshot).
>>"What do you think?"
Add BYBLOCK and BYLAYER LTYPE and it works well
But: Your $ACADVER is WRONG! Your file isn't a DXF 2013 format, so please, change it to $ACADVER 1009 (R12 from year 1992).
Autocad will read the file, also withthe wrong acadver value, but it is not clean and can lead you astray.
R12 is a limitation of file settings, object-types and object properties.
OR add all informations what are common for DXF2013.