I hope adaptive is the right way to describe this but I have seen in other CAD programs a viewing style which hides certain elements of a model to make it easier to see what you're doing. For example if modeling a building it would hide the front wall so that the back and the side walls are more easily viewed. What is hidden would depend on the orientation of the viewport at any given time.
Does this feature exist in 3ds max?
Not necessarily Apple to Apples, but you might look into Viewport Clipping. Click on the viewport label to see it as an option. When on, you'll see a yellow line on right side of the viewport with a near/far clipping.
In Max, the phrase "Adaptive View" is easily confused with functions like Adaptive Degradation, which is a viewport performance feature instead of a design utility.
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