You can not.
Revit does not have locking mechanisms for this kind of things. And basically it would not make much sense anyway. Schedules are live data extractions from the model. So if something relevant in the model changes (e.g. objects deleted/added, parameters changed) the schedule will update anyway
Louis
Please mention Revit version, especially when uploading Revit files.
from editing the data or the format? The former, no because schedules are just reports of the model. The latter, yes to some extent, via View template.