There is no direct API method(s) that you can call for your purpose. But one should be able to write code to achieve that, such as using DrawableOverrule, and/or Transient Graphics, or combination of them, and maybe, plus the handling of PointMonitor event. The code would be quite complicated, depending what kind of visual hints you want to lead user to select portion of the polyline. I'd imagine to code would:
1. Start handing PointMonitor event to detect whether the cursor is close/hover the polyline;
2. If yes, draw transient graphic on that portion of polyline (segment between 2 vertices, be it a straight line, or an arc, you should figure it out based on the polyline and the vertices). So, this transient graphic would serve as visual hint to user that certain portion of the polyline is to be selected.
3. If user click the mouse button (thus "select" this portion of polyline), you would update the transient graphic to indicates that (say, change its color, or make it thicker...)
This is just a rough idea. It might also be possible to write code to achieve the same visual effect as you do with Ctrl + select to the polyline. Again, this would required advanced coding skill with AutoCAD .NET APIs.