That is a burning question for a great many people, and doesn't really have a great answer. The main code language used by (and expected within) the iLogic add-in's rule editor dialog is VB.NET. You can find tons of info on learning that coding language online (general searches), but most of it is geared towards you using Visual Studio when you are interacting with vb.net code, which is not the case here. There are lots of what we call 'iLogic Snippets' (bits of code for Inventor specific purposes, and interact with Inventor specific objects) that only exist within the iLogic add-in, and you won't find them out in the general internet searches under vb.net though.
There are a few main places to find the bulk of what documentation & information is available about Inventor's API / iLogic /VBA. One such place is a section of Inventor's online help. On that main page you will see several main categories of information along the left side. The ones called "Programming Interface", "iLogic", & "iLogic API" are the ones you will want to focus on.
Then for a better understanding of what (Methods, Properties, & Events) are available under each type of Inventor object, you can explore under the "Programming Interface" > "Inventor API Reference Manual" > "Objects" area. Within that area is a long scrolling list of Objects. These are 'most' of the Inventor specific types of things you can access and/or interact with by code using Inventor's (API/iLogic/VBA).
Then the next best place to find lots of information about Inventor's (API/iLogic/VBA) is here on this forum (Inventor iLogic, API & VBA Forum). It's not as organized, so you will have to do a lot of searching and reading, but there are tons of code examples you can review. And if you can't find what you are looking for, you can always ask us here on the forums, because that's what it is all about. Many of the forum members may also have their own blogs or websites too that may host related instructional content. If the company you work for buys its Autodesk software from a large enough provider, that provider may also offer lots of great resources and instructional webcasts and/or documentation that will help you learn these kinds of things. I learned through all these means, like most folks, the normal processes of trial & error experience, reading online help about things I'm unfamiliar with, reading through forum posts related to the task at hand, and asking other folks with more experience than myself (though any means necessary).
Wesley Crihfield
(Not an Autodesk Employee)