Just very quickly looking into this, I inserted a part in a new 2017 assembly, inserted another part behind the first.
Made the first "transparent" and I was not able to simply select the part behind it as if the first part was not there.
I had to either RMB and select the part from the drop down, or I select the part in the browser tree. But even then I am not able to freely just drag it by the mouse. I have to select the "Free Move" command on the ribbon menu and then I can select and move the "hidden" part.
There are actually numerous other ways to do what you are attempting to do. One of the biggest issues I've seen over the years in teaching ex-Solidworks people is having to break the terminology barriers.
Transparent in SW is one of those things that has a totally different meaning in Inventor and vice versa.
But if you're looking to be able to select a part that is behind or hidden by other parts, you have a few different paths to go down.
Oh might be as easy and changing the Visual Style from "Shaded" to "Wireframe".
As mentioned you can use the Enable command 9you'll find a lot of commands like that are "toggles", it's either active (check mark) or inactive.
You can Suppress Constraints of the forward parts and thus move them out of the way to access the hidden parts.
You can select a part and change its visibility on or off.
You can use Isolate which allows you to toggle off the visibility of all the files except the ones you need.
You can use the Section View command as well.
You can even set a Design View that'll preserve these settings so you can recall it and not have to go thru all the steps again
You might be able to use the Selection filter in the quick access toolbar to select the parts that are behind others.
One thing you need to understand, typical Autodesk, if there's one way to do something, you can pretty much bet your bottom dollar, there's another 4 ways to do the same thing in some fashion.
I also worked/maintained SW for a number of years, thankfully the last time I had to deal with it was its 2010 release.
You couldn't pay me enough to go back to it and I know plenty of hardcore SW people that, once they learned beyond the basics of Inventor, they feel the same way. Let your curiosity take over and think along the lines of "OK, I know I can do this this way, how else can I possibly do it?".
One of the hardest things I have to do when teaching is refreshing my memory on how to do the basic commands again since the only time I ever use them is during a training class for the beginners.
Oh and if I may, invest in Curtis' book(s), very well worth it. They'll help you move onto the next realm for sure.