A sketch doesn't know which features use it. Typically, a sketch is used by a single feature, but it's possible that any number of features can be based on the same sketch.
However, a feature does know which sketch it's based on. Most features are based on profiles, which is a subset of geometry within a sketch that use selects when creating the feature. The various feature objects provide access to the Profile that they use and from the profile, you can get its parent sketch. Below is a simple VBA program that looks for extrude features that are based on a specific sketch. Hopefully, this helps.
Public Sub GetFeatureFromSketch()
Dim partDoc As PartDocument
Set partDoc = ThisApplication.ActiveDocument
Dim partComp As PartComponentDefinition
Set partComp = partDoc.ComponentDefinition
' Get the sketch of interest.
Dim sk As sketch
Set sk = partComp.Sketches.Item("Sketch3")
' Iterate through the Extrude features to see if any of them use this sketch.
Dim extrude As ExtrudeFeature
For Each extrude In partComp.Features.ExtrudeFeatures
' Get the profile used for the extrusion.
Dim prof As Profile
Set prof = extrude.Definition.Profile
' Get the parent sketch of the profile.
Dim extrudeSketch As sketch
Set extrudeSketch = prof.Parent
' Check if the two sketches are the same.
If extrudeSketch Is sk Then
MsgBox "Extrusion " & extrude.name & " uses " & sk.name
End If
Next
End Sub
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Brian EkinsInventor and Fusion 360 API Expert
Website/Blog:
https://EkinsSolutions.com