Thanks for sharing the design, @jonasgeiser - I did not realize at first that the geometry was generated from a sketch offset. It seems that there is a bad bug with offset on this design. As you've seen, closing that triangle under the X causes bad things to happen. Also, if I change the offset distance at all, even worse things happen. I will create a bug for this. In the meantime, if you delete the offset, it does seem to get rid of the problem (at the cost of a bunch of dimensions being added to the sketch). Not sure if that is OK with you, but I thought I'd offer it:
Edit: The Fusion bug is: FUS-224303 Thanks for reporting it.
Jeff Strater
Engineering Director