I can explain what is happening here. Whether it is a bug or a feature is probably a matter of opinion. It is intentional, I will say that. I apologize up front - this might get long.
what is at play here: Chamfer and Fillet operations are handled differently during "local operations", which include Face Draft, or Move Faces. The main reason for this is: if you want to move this face to the right:

The fillet is the problem. You cannot move that face with the fillet in place. So, what Fusion does is:
- find and remove all relevant fillets (and keep that info)
- move the face
- reapply the fillets
The same is done for Chamfer, being a similar operation to Fillet (select an edge, Fillet/Chamfer it, which removes the edge, and replaces it with a new surface).
Most of the time, it works without any surprises. But, there are cases where it does, and you have found one of those.
Anticipating the next question, I've created a similar case with Fillet instead of Chamfer (the body on the left has a sketch fillet, while the one on the right has a fillet feature).
As you can see, both behave the same. Why is that? Well, it turns out that Fillets are easy to identify: tangent faces, probably cylindrical/conical/toroidal. Chamfers, however, are not. So, in your case, the one on the right is correctly being identified as a Chamfer (because it is), so is treated as one. On the left, it is ambiguous. I'm not even sure it should be considered a Chamfer. It might just be an angled face. In this case, maybe it should, but that might be only because the one next to it is the same, and that is a Chamfer.
Anyway, you asked why. That is why.
Jeff Strater
Engineering Director