Here are some answers to your questions.
The reference of the canvas doesn't disappear. It simply cannot be shown because it hasn't happened yet at the point you are rolling back the timeline by editing the sketch.
To edit a sketch without rolling back time:
1. Make the sketch visible
2. Right click on it in the browser, and pick Show Dimensions.
3. Edit without rolling back time.
I would recommend 100% verb noun workflow for you. The command dialogs do a great job of filtering the available inputs with no ambiguity.
If you want to do noun verb workflows, use the Browser to make selections if at all possible, such as body or component selections, again, no ambiguity selecting the correct object.
Have you looked at the Learning Page?
In every section there is a hands on guided tutorial. Just click into the sub heading pages to find them.
The files required to actually do the tutorials are already uploaded in your projects as "Basic Training".
There is one more level of instruction, a little deeper. It's called the Adoption Portal.
You can also enjoy all the free content at Autodesk University. You can watch the video and download the white-paper.
70 Fusion 360 Tips in 60 Minutes
https://help.autodesk.com/view/fusion360/ENU/courses/AP-2019-60-FUSION-360-TIPS-IN-60-MINUTES
Fusion 101
http://au.autodesk.com/au-online/classes-on-demand/class-catalog/classes/year-2016/fusion-360/pd1815...
Master assemblies class
http://au.autodesk.com/au-online/classes-on-demand/class-catalog/classes/year-2017/fusion-360/lo-dm0...
Regarding command prompts, you might have turned that off in preferences. Each command, at every step, Fusion should be trying to help you with command prompts. Please let me know if you find a command that doesn't have an accurate prompt when needed. I can log a bug and get it looked at.

Regarding the workflow questions:
- Once you have the reference Canvas on screen, you could make this part a number of ways.
- If I was using AutoCAD to make the part, I would draw the bean shape and holes all as one sketch and extrude it in one operation. You can do that in Fusion too.
- If you miss a hole, edit the sketch that should contain the missing hole, and add it.
- I have no idea why you can't snap to an intersection, it works well inside Sketch. Please show an example so I can understand why it fails for you.
- Circular pattern symmetric is an option, look in the dialog, on the dropdown menu for Type.

- Chain does not mean Pline, but I see what you are saying. Chain is any set of connected edges or sketch lines that the command using "chain" can consume.
- For your bolt plane, try Plane at Angle, use the center line of the bolt, and add your angle. 60°. No face selection required.

Here is a video showing how I'd make the part you are trying to make. Late in the video I undo several sketch circles and use circular pattern instead.
Good luck, let me know if I can help more.
Regards,
Phil Eichmiller
Software Engineer
Quality Assurance
Autodesk, Inc.