When you use the UI in a sketch, it does some extra work that's not apparent unless you do some additional investigation. In this case, when you create a sketch on a planar face, the default is to automatically project the edges of the face into the sketch as sketch geometry. They aren't displayed unless you move the mouse over them. When you create new sketch geometry and dimension to a "vertex" you're not dimensioning to the vertex but instead are using the sketch point that was created when the face was projected onto the sketch.
When creating a new sketch using the API and providing a planar face as input, you can use either the add or addWithoutEdges methods. The add method will project the face into the new sketch but he addWithoutEdges does not. In the API, it's usually easiest to use the addWithoutEdges and then project the items you want. This is easier than querying all of the geometry in the sketch to find what you want.
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Brian EkinsInventor and Fusion 360 API Expert
Website/Blog:
https://EkinsSolutions.com