There are MANY ways to associate/attach data to entities in drawing (be it pure AutoCAD entities, or Civil3D entities. In your case, it is CogoPoint, which is Civil3D entity, derived from AutoCAD entity); like:
1. Use XData (AutoCAD);
2. Use ExtentionDictionary (AutoCAD);
3. Use ObjectData (AutoCAD Map)
4. Use Object Classification (AutoCAD)
5. Use User-Defined Property Classification (Civil)
6. User PropertySet (Civil)
I am not sure if you are looking for some ways to do it with Civil's out-of-box feature, or you can do it via customization programming. There is no direct UI/command for XData and ExtensionDictionary (well, ExpressTool comes with command to deal with XData, but it is very general, not particularly user-friendly enough). AutoCAD Map/Civil comes with built-in command for 3 to 6.
If you are able to do customization programming, some of them can be done with either both COM API (in AutoCAD VBA), or with .NET API, some of them may only be done with .NET API (PropertySet). If I were you, I'd only consider using .NET API. It is likely that custom commands (with proper UI) will fit your need the best, in most cases.
For 1 and 2, only AutoCAD .NET API is involved; for 2 and 3, both AutoCAD .NET API and AutoCAD Map .NET API are involved; for the last 2, Civil3D .NET API is also involved.
If the points is from GIS, depending on how it is brought in, Object Data might be natural choice, for example, using AutoCAD Map import, the attribute data from GIS source could be directly mapped to Object Data table record. But since you are using Civil, it might be better to go with either User Defined Property Classification, or PropertySet. You would choose the approach based on how the data being brought in, how being accessed in drawing, how being presented to user...