CTB plotting is inherently complicated. The complexity was a function of meeting various user demands for control.
1) Technically CTB files only specify plot settings mapped to index colors, not to "layers". The plot settings include color, linetype, and lineweight among others. Built-in CTB lineweight #'s that are not set to "by object" override any object or layer lineweight setting, as I understand. The color of the object or layer determines its lineweight.
2)Default lineweight can be set by the user but typically it is 0.25 mm unless it has been modified. It will be ignored if the object has an index color that is governed by the CTB lineweight # setting.
3)CTB lineweights can be built-in mapped by color to #'s or set to "By object". By object linetype settings defer lineweight to several object options: Bylayer, Byblock, or thickness #. Bylayer depends on the layer's lineweight settings except when overridden by the CTB plotstyle. Byblock depends on the block's lineweight settings (obvious). Object lineweight #'s are properties that are visible in the properties palette. Newer CTB files use "By object" lineweight for almost every color.
4)I prefer to a)use lineweight agnostic CTB files and b)set every object's lineweight to "bylayer" and objects nested into blocks to either bylayer or byblock. I prefer to set the layer lineweight settings as a number or as default and to set CTB to defer all lineweights to "by object". That way all the lineweights are visible in the layer manager and can be exported to a table. The only additional bit of information necessary is to use the lineweight command to find out what the default lineweight is. I use default lineweight extensively except for those objects I want to emphasize or diminish. CTB files with embedded lineweights override layer and object lineweight settings.
5)Layers can't be set to a lineweight of "bylayer".
6)As far as quantity of lineweights, there can only be about 24 widths per drawing.
7)If your client specifies the civil layer color, linetype and plotstyle, you also need to examine their CTB file to determine the lineweight assigned to the layer's color. That is where the lineweights probably are.
8)If you are using CIVIL3D, then the templates and styles should be used (ideally) since all the plot and display setting management is part of the settings along with the CIVIL3D layer keys and plot style CTB or STB files. When I started using AutoCAD Architecture, I had to let go using my own layer names and settings and start to trust the built-in automation. I'm sure CIVIL3D is similar.
If you're projects are mixing object, byblock, bylayer, layer and CTB lineweight settings yourself, then you may have a real mess There's no formula for determining the lineweight mix. Using mixed techniques for setting lineweights means looking at the plot carefully to see that plans read. If they read well, then that should be sufficient.
I used to have CTB files with built-in lineweights but transitioned to standard CTB files like AIA LWT by Object. I'll never go back. STB files on the other hand, which I only use on AutoCAD Architecture projects, bring a new level of simplicity to plotting. Rather than having 256 separate color mappings, there are typically less than 10 non-color related plot styles.
Good luck.
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