Unfortuantly you can't derive a parameter from an assembly into a part and then insert that part into the assembly (Think of Russian Dolls, the big one can't go inside the smaller one). You can link parameters from assembly's, but this might also create a circular reference.
The hassle free way is to create a 'Master' part that contains your 'global' parameters and then use the 'Derive' tool to bring this into each of your parts so that you can reference the parameters. You can place a part with the parameters all ready derived into your template folder to speed up the process.
You can insert this part into your assembly for quick access when you want to change a global parameter. You are not limited to only deriving parameter's in this way, you can also derive sketches, work features, features and solid bodies - which is known as 'Skeletal' modeling.