You need to post the installation log file in your %TEMP% folder. It will have the reason for the failure. Typically it's due to a failure installing .NET Framework or Visual C++ Redistributable(s).
2012/1/14:14:41:10 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/14:14:41:10 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/14:14:41:51 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/15:09:22:13 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/15:09:22:13 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/15:09:23:16 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/15:09:22:15 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/15:09:22:15 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/15:09:23:16 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/15:09:23:31 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/15:09:23:35 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/15:09:44:50 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:09:15:04 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:09:15:04 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:09:15:35 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:09:15:05 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:09:15:05 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:09:15:35 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/16:09:15:43 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/16:09:15:45 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/16:09:47:21 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:10:08:20 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:10:08:20 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:10:08:36 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:10:08:22 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:10:08:22 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:10:08:36 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/16:10:08:40 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/16:10:08:42 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/16:11:07:43 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductSelectionDialog2
2012/1/16:11:07:48 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen FullProgressDialog
2012/1/16:11:07:48 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Installing .NET Framework Runtime 4.0: C:\Autodesk\Inventor_Publisher_2012_English_Win_64bit\3rdParty\NET\4\wcu\dotNetFramework\dotNetFx40_Full_x86_x64.exe /q
2012/1/16:11:22:07 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Install .NET Framework Runtime 4.0 Succeeded
2012/1/16:11:22:07 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Installing Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86): C:\Autodesk\Inventor_Publisher_2012_English_Win_64bit\3rdParty\x86\VCRedist\2005\vcredist_x86.exe /q:a /T:C:\Windows\temp /c:"VCREDI~3.EXE /q:a /c:""msiexec /i vcredist.msi /qn /l*v C:\Users\azhdrake\AppData\Local\Temp\vcredist_x86_2005.log"" "
2012/1/16:11:27:49 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86) Failed Installation aborted, Result=1603
2012/1/16:11:27:52 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Rollback .NET Framework Runtime 4.0 Failed Installation aborted, Result=1619
2012/1/16:11:27:59 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen InstallCompleteDialog
2012/1/16:11:55:41 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:14:31 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:14:31 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:15:46 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:14:32 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:14:32 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:15:46 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/16:12:15:53 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/16:12:15:55 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/16:12:16:10 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductSelectionDialog2
2012/1/16:12:16:16 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen FullProgressDialog
2012/1/16:12:16:16 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Installing Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86): C:\Autodesk\Inventor_Publisher_2012_English_Win_64bit\3rdParty\x86\VCRedist\2005\vcredist_x86.exe /q:a /T:C:\Windows\temp /c:"VCREDI~3.EXE /q:a /c:""msiexec /i vcredist.msi /qn /l*v C:\Users\azhdrake\AppData\Local\Temp\vcredist_x86_2005.log"" "
2012/1/16:12:19:43 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86) Failed Installation aborted, Result=1603
2012/1/16:12:19:44 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen InstallCompleteDialog
2012/1/16:12:25:09 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:27:13 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:27:13 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:27:25 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:27:14 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:27:14 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:27:25 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/16:12:27:53 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/16:12:27:56 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/16:12:28:17 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductSelectionDialog2
2012/1/16:12:28:20 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen FullProgressDialog
2012/1/16:12:28:20 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Installing Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86): C:\Autodesk\Inventor_Publisher_2012_English_Win_64bit\3rdParty\x86\VCRedist\2005\vcredist_x86.exe /q:a /T:C:\Windows\temp /c:"VCREDI~3.EXE /q:a /c:""msiexec /i vcredist.msi /qn /l*v C:\Users\azhdrake\AppData\Local\Temp\vcredist_x86_2005.log"" "
2012/1/16:12:31:36 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86) Failed Installation aborted, Result=1603
2012/1/16:12:31:36 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen InstallCompleteDialog
2012/1/16:12:32:18 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:38:38 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:38:38 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:38:54 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
2012/1/16:12:38:40 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup started on AZHDRAKE-PC by azhdrake ===
2012/1/16:12:38:40 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Launch
2012/1/16:12:38:54 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LaunchDialog
2012/1/16:12:39:06 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen LicenseDialog
2012/1/16:12:39:09 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductInfoDialog
2012/1/16:12:39:21 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen ProductSelectionDialog2
2012/1/16:12:39:40 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen FullProgressDialog
2012/1/16:12:39:40 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Installing Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86): C:\Autodesk\Inventor_Publisher_2012_English_Win_64bit\3rdParty\x86\VCRedist\2005\vcredist_x86.exe /q:a /T:C:\Windows\temp /c:"VCREDI~3.EXE /q:a /c:""msiexec /i vcredist.msi /qn /l*v C:\Users\azhdrake\AppData\Local\Temp\vcredist_x86_2005.log"" "
2012/1/16:12:43:20 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86) Failed Installation aborted, Result=1603
2012/1/16:12:43:21 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC PageOpen InstallCompleteDialog
2012/1/16:15:20:09 azhdrake AZHDRAKE-PC === Setup ended ===
As I suspected, your installation is failing on the Visual C++
Install Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 Redistributable (x86) Failed Installation aborted, Result=1603
If you have this installed already, remove it from the Control Panel > Programs. Then reinstall. If not, then try to install it directly from Microsoft.
http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?id=3387